Gram flour

Use the same weight. Gram flour is chickpea flour, so this is an exact swap with the same nutty flavour and binding.

Use about 75–80% of the weight, e.g. 80 g for 100 g gram flour, and add a pinch of turmeric for colour. Less nutty and less crisp; good only for thickening or simple batters.

Use the same weight for crispness, but it does not bind like gram flour; mix with a little plain flour if making pakora batter.