Kaapi

For 2 g instant coffee, brew 10 g ground coffee in 50 ml hot water, strain, and reduce other liquid by 50 ml. Flavour is fresher but less concentrated.

Use equal weight; grate or shave finely so it dissolves rapidly, giving a warm, caramel-like sweetness and slightly darker sauce.

Use equal weight; provides the standard rich dairy fat and body expected in creamy Indian bases.

Dilute 3 parts cream with 1 part water to match the weight; yields a richer, glossier gravy that resists curdling.

Whisk thoroughly and use equal weight; adds extra body and a mild pleasant acidity, best added off the heat.

Use the same weight, whip softly with a little sugar and freeze for 1–2 hours. It is richer and less smooth than ice cream.

Use the same weight, served cold. It is very rich and spoonable, but not scoopable like ice cream.

Use half the weight mixed with an equal weight of double cream, then freeze. It is much sweeter and denser.

Use the same weight. Richer and thickens well; do not boil hard or it may split.

Use the same weight. Thinner; reduce other liquid or simmer the sauce to thicken.

Use 80% of the weight. No thickening; simmer to reduce and add a little ghee for richness.